Migration From The Countryside To Cities Environmental Sciences Essay

Migration From The Countryside To Cities purlieual Sciences EssayThe desire to sum up income encourages tribe who live in rural aras to leave their lands and homes. This movement is cal conduct urbanization which means the migration from solid groundside to cities in particular in developing and sorry countries. This terminology or buzzword emerges in Latin conference. It whitethorn be defined in different shipway. MEDCs (more economics substantial countries) and LEDCs (less economics developed countries), for example, take on examined it in different ways. LEDCs have defined it as the encouragement of batch who reside in rural areas to migrate to cities whereas MEDCs has defended it as a process of dysfunctional movement of people from country sides to macroscopic cities. In other words, urbanisation means disappearance of legion(predicate) aspects of life in areas which surround cities such(prenominal) as agriculture, as a consequence of the migration to cosmic town s and cities. It may also be defined as Elliot (1999) says the movement of people from communities concerned chiefly or solely with agriculture to other communities generally liberalr whose activities are primarily centered in government, trade, manufacture or allied interests(Elliot. J.A. 1999).The negative influences of this phenomenon have exceeded the collateral personal orderuate. Therefore, near countries, in particular developed ones, have been attempting to concentrate the population inside cities and towns. This step is answerable for importanttaining sustainability for those countries particularly in the field of development. Sustainable development is cognise as the ability of an activity or development to continue in the long term without undermining that part of the environment which sustains it (SNH, 1993). In addition, it may be defined as the beting for high quality of living without affecting the environment (English Nature, 1993).However, there is a con tradiction between urbanisation and sustainable development, beca riding habit urbanisation has tremendous problematic effects on environment whereas sustainable development seeks to create wholesome cities and towns. Urbanisation in all countries has many negative effects therefore there are a considerable number of policies have been suggested to deter these problems. This project leave behind present two problems of urbanisation, pretermit of space and increasing esoteric cars owners then impart highlight rough causes of it and finally leave alone suggest three solutions in order to solve these problems of urbanisation.1. LACK OF SPACE1.1 CAUSESThe prime reason behind peoples movement from rural areas to urban ones is that they seek higher living standards because they believe cities are more suited than where they live. However, moving to cities without planning will cause many problems for both settlers and governments. Some troubles that may face squatters as a result of sudden and unplanned moving to cities are lack of elementary living standards and pollution.1.2 EFFECTSBecause most migrants who desire to improve their income by moving to industrialised areas are poor and they cannot afford renting flats or buying houses, they will accept living anywhere even in ill developed places. As a result of this, settlers always reside in the edge of cities and it is known as shack town. These settlements are always built in illegal ways therefore they lack of the sanctioned elements of services such as piss, toilet system and health care (Bilham-Boult et al, 1999).In progress countries or even in developing countries, governments usually attempt to build cities in modern ways by establishing great infrastructures. These infrastructures are built to present good facilities for people such as passageway networks, exile and sewerage systems. Also one of these facilities is to connect houses with main sources of water supply by constructing pipes of water. However, as discussed earlier, most settlements are built randomly, thus they have access to these important facilities. Hence, squatters are required to pay for water carts and this will cost them a considerable amount of money and sometimes paying for water will be unlow-cost for them because most settlers are poor. In Accra, for example, precisely 35 per cent of houses have been connected to water sources and 24 per cent use basic pipes whereas 28 per cent of citizens buy water from water hawk carts (Bilham-Boult et al, 1999).Lack of pipes of water means lack of sewerage system, according to Bilham (1999) the pollution in shanty towns in particular the pollution in water has increased rapidly because some cities have no sewerage system therefore sewage is still drained directly to rivers and to main sources of water. Moreover, settlers build pits dug to fill the sewage into it, further, these pits dug may construct among the cities which liable for bringing a huge numbers of bacteria and diseases for people who reside near it.1.3 SOLUTIONSAfter discussing the main problems which may face squatters in shanty towns, the undermentioned paragraphs will point out some problems that may encounter governments callable to urbanisation.Unplanned moving from country sides to cities causes many problems for governments because that requires construct new infrastructures or even builds new territories for new comers and this will be real costly. Furthermore, the demands to create jobs for squatters will take place because most squatters sale their farms and lands to help them shift from rural areas to urban ones. Another problem is that the necessity of establishing social services such as health care, education and transportation will rise as well.However, many solutions have been suggested to solve the problems of urbanisation. wholeness of these solutions is that governments should encourage their farmers who live in rural areas to stay there by m aking all facilities which exist in cities available in countryside such as schools, health care centers and transportation. In addition, by making this step that will be very(prenominal) accommodative to solve the problem of unemployment because that will increase the opportunities of migrants who desire to move to urban areas to reign a job in their areas instead in urban areas.2. TRANSPORTATIONAnother problem that may be increased due to urbanisation is the increasing of mystic cars owners. Therefore, the following paragraphs will examine the causes and effects of rising vehicle use.2.1 CAUSESThe most considerable cause of depending on private automobiles is the price because most cars companies have reduced the prices of the cars by making it very affordable. Hence, most people prefer buying cars rather than employ universal transportation because they believe using habitual transportation wastes time and money. Wasting time is due to the commuters are must walk from thei r homes and work to the nearest station and vice versa and they also spend a considerable amount of money because they must buy tickets for all travels even for small journeys.This was not further the reason of increasing the number of private automobiles, but the reasonable price of fuels also encourages people to bargain for cars. Moreover, the price of fuels compare with the tickets prices of journeys seems to be much more affordable for people in particular for large families.However, the most significant reason beyond the reliance on cars is the shortage of public transportation. In many cities the rail networks and high ways do not cover all areas which surround cities. Therefore, most people are required to purchase cars particularly people who work away from the urban areas or people who live in rural areas and work in cities. In addition, some cities were built since 19th or early 20th century, thus they lack planning and good organisation which means they lack infrastruc tures. Because of this, it is very difficult for governments to rebuild and reorganise cities because that will cost the governments a huge amount of money.2.2 EFFECTSAs a result of increasing the number of private cars, many effects will emerge such as congestion, energy consumption, air pollution, noise, health and a significant number of accidents. However, the most important effect is air pollution because it is a consequence of congestion and energy consumption. Air pollution not only effects the environment of cities but it will also harm the health of people because it carries many emissions such as carbon dioxide.2.3 SOLUTIONSMany solutions have been suggested to solve the problems of urbanisation. One of these solutions is to connect all areas which include the metropolis itself and all areas surrounded it by one system. It may cost governments an vast amount of money, but by taking this step public transportation will be more desirable than private vehicle. It will save t ime and money for commuters who move from place to place frequently.Moreover, issuing uniform tickets of buses and railway with affordable and reasonable prices will be a most grateful solution in particular for large families. This step will ease transferring between public transportation by establishing short distances of travelling.Finally, if governments want to reduce the number of cars they should raise taxes, parking fees and the price of fuels. This stage will encourage people to use public transportation. This encouragement also needs to create illuminating programmes to raise the awareness of people particularly in the harm of using private cars such as the pollution and the rapid increasing of accident rates. cultivationThe former paragraphs have stated the negative impacts of urbanisation in particular the problems of lack of space and the increase of private cars owners. A number of policies have been discussed by some governments which may be mainly helpful to solve t he problematic negative influences of urbanisation.As discussed earlier, urbanisation has a great deal of harmful impacts, they could be exceeded its benefits. One of these negative effects is that most settlements are built randomly therefore they lack basic living standards as well as basic elements of services. One of these services is to connect those settlements by main sources of water. Therefore, when these shanty towns lack pipes of water that will lead to another problem which is lack of sewerage system. As a result of lack of sewerage system, sewage is drained directly to rivers and main sources of water which is responsible for bringing a huge number of bacteria and disease for squatters who live in those towns.Furthermore, these settlements are deficient to transportation because they were built in illegal ways which make governments unable to construct infrastructures in these shanty towns. In other words, if governments want to destroy these towns and rebuild it in mo dern ways that would cost them an enormous amount of money. This step may be unaffordable for some governments in particular for developing countries.This issue has led to another consequence, the lack of infrastructures encourages settlers use their own cars which lead to employment congestion, air pollution then healthy problems for people who reside in shanty towns and surrounded areas. Moreover, the reasonable prices of cars and fuels encourage people to purchase private automobiles because they have already an illustration which says having a car will save time and money, but sometimes this illustration may be wrong. Hence, many countries attempt to reduce cars uses by encouraging people to use public transportation as the best way to solve the problem of air pollution and traffic congestion.To reduce cars uses, some solutions have been suggested one of them is to connect all areas by one system of public transportation. This step may be very costly for some governments, but i t will reduce the uses of private vehicles. Moreover, issuing a uniform ticket for buses and railways will make public transportation more desirable than using private cars.On the other hand, some solutions have been suggested to solve the problems of urbanisation in general. One of these solutions is to encourage people to stay in rural areas by establishing all the desirable facilities which exist in large cities such as schools, hospitals and public transportation in countryside. Also governments must produce informative programmes for those squatters who want to migrate from rural areas to megacities. For those people who want to continue searching in this area, this project recommends them to search how governments can set up informative programmes effectively to persuade migrants to stay in rural areas.BIBIOLGRAPHYAdams, W.M. (1999). Sustainability. In P. Cloke, P. Crang M. Goodwin (Eds.), Introducing human geographies (pp. 125-130). London Arnold.Bilham-Boult, Blades, H., Ha ncock, J., Keeling, W. Ridout, M. (1999). People, places and themes (pp. 202-205 P. 208). Oxford Heinemann.Elliot, J.A (1999). An introduction to sustainable development. London Routledge.Newman, P. (1999). Transport reducing automobile dependence. In D. Satterthwaite (Ed.), The Earthscan lector in sustainable cities (pp. 67-92). London Earthscan Publications.UK Government. (2004). Sustainable development the UK governments veiw. Retrieved October 10, 2004, from government website http//www.sustainable-development.gov.uk