The candy chromatography

The candy chromatography Ever wondered why candies are different colors? Many candies contain colored dyes. Bags of MMs or Skittles contain candies of various colors. Colors in candies are synthetic dyes that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Sometimes the colors are mixtures of several dyes. The labels tell us the names of the dyes used in the candies. But which dyes are used in which candies? We can answer this by dissolving the dyes out of the candies and separating them using a method called chromatography. The topic I chose to do my research paper on candy chromatography. In this experiment we will use candy chromatography to separate the different dyes in the Skittles. By doing this, this will determine which dyes make which color in the outer coating on the Skittles. Candy chromatography is used to analyze FD and C dyes used in candy and food coloring. Also candy chromatography can be used to separate (purify) specific components from a complex mixture, based on a molecular size or other chemical properties and is used to identify chemicals. Highly accurate chromatographic methods are used for process monitoring. It is in this experiment we will find the FD and C dyes using paper chromatography. Chromatography is a technique used to separate the various components in a complex mixture solution. (Olsen, 2007 p. 1) Candy chromatography works by the components in the dye stick to each other and other substances. Scientists use chromatography to analyze or examine a mixture, its components, and their relations to one another. Also to identify or determine the identity of a mixture or components based on known components. They use it to purify and separate components in order to isolate one of interest for further study. Scientists also use chromatography to quantify and determine the amount of the mixture and the components present in the sample. Some everyday uses for chromatography are at a pharmaceutical company its used to determine each chemical found in new product. At a hospital chromatography is used to determine alcohol levels in a patients blood stream. In law enforcement its used to compare a sample found at a crime scene to samples from suspects. In an environmental agency chromatography is used to determine the level of pollutants in the water supply. In a manufacturing plant chromatography is used to purify a chemical needed to make a product. Paper chromatography has two phases a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The mobile phase flows through the stationary phase and carries the components of the mixture with it. (Clark, 2007 p.1) The paper is the stationary phase, and water is the mobile phase. The principles of paper chromatography include capillary action which is the movement of liquid within the spaces of a porous material due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension. The liquid is able to move up the filter paper because its attraction to itself is stronger than the force of gravity. Another principle is solubility which is the degree to which a material dissolves into a solvent. Solutes dissolve into solvents that have similar properties. This allows different solutes to be separated by different combinations of solvents. The separation of components depends on both their solubility in the mobile phase and their differential affinity to the mobile phase and the stationary phase. In 1903 Mikhail Tswett discovered chromatography he produced a colorful separation of plant pigments through a column of calcium carbonate. Chromatography became developed substantially as a result of the work of Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge during the 1940s and 1950s. They established the principles and basic techniques of partition chromatography, and their work encouraged the rapid development of several types of chromatography method: paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high performance liquid chromatography. Since then, the technology has advanced rapidly. Researchers found that the main principles of Tsvets chromatography could be applied in many different ways, resulting in the different varieties of chromatography described below. Simultaneously, advances continually improved the technical performance of chromatography, allowing the separation of increasingly similar molecules. Scientists discovered that a strip of porous (full of small holes) filter paper could substitute for the column of absorbing powder. (Chromatography, p. 2) A drop of the mixture that was going to be separated was placed on the paper, and then one edge of the paper is dipped into the solvent. The solvent then spreads across the paper when this happens the mixtures components are carried with it. In paper chromatography the distance traveled by the component is the retention factor of the sample. The Rf value is the ratio between how far the component travels and the distance the solvent travels from a common starting point (the origin). After the components have finished spreading across the paper, the paper needs to be dried and sprayed with reagent that changes the color of the component. Some of the pigments dissolve quicker than others, which causes them to move up the paper through capillary action into different areas. This separation allows the different pigments to be identified while on the paper through color identification. Because molecules in ink and other mixtures have different characteristics (such as size and solubility), they travel at different speeds when pulled along a piece of paper by a solvent (in this case, water). For example, black ink contains several colors. When the water flows through a word written in black, the molecules of each one of the colors behave differently, resulting in a sort of rainbow effect. Many common inks are water soluble and spread apart into the component dyes using water as a solvent. Components move at different speeds, so they will show up separated spots. These will need to be cut out and analyzed further. Candy chromatography is what we will use in our experiment to determine what really makes those colors in Skittles.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

A Doll’s House Henrik Ibsen was born in 1828 on the coast of Norway into a middle class family. When he was 6 years of age, due to financial loss, his family were forced to move to a smaller house in the country and his education was disruppted. Ibsen had to work as an apprentice and study in the evening this alienated him from his family and he was never to reunite with them. In 1849 his first play was published and was a disaster. Ibsen altered his style of writing to accommodate the trend of the era which was romanticism. His second play the â€Å"The Warrior’s Borrow† was a success. Ibsen then acquired a job as â€Å"Dramatic Author† at the Norwegian Theatre which included all parts of the theatre production directing, designing sets and costumes as well as financial and business aspects. At this point in time, Ibsen was successful as light comedy, romanticism and melodrama were the main subjects he wrote about. By 1860 he was disillusioned with those and wanted to deal with real issues about everyday life in society, which his middle class audience could relate to. Being a socialist, Ibsen’s realistic for of writing made his audiences think and even examine their own life’s this made his realistic plays extremely successful with the public but the critics thought other wise. In 1877 â€Å"The Pillars of Society† was his naturalistic play but still contained a happy ending. Then only two years later â€Å"A Doll’s House† had a totally different ending which embraced women’s rights and was revolutionary causing a stir throughout Europe. Most of Ibsen’s realistic plays were based on events that had happened in his own life. The style at the time was Romanticism and melodrama this genre of theatre was known as â€Å"The Well Made Play†. The plays in this era consisted of your typical goodies vs. baddies battles which resulted in the goodies winning nearly all the time. A high percentage of the time these types of plays ended up with every thing falling into place nicely for instance, the man gets the women, the goodies win the battle and everyone lives â€Å"happily ever after†. As I stated earlier on Ibsen wanted to move away from this style and on to a different on. Ibsen helped develop a new genre of theatre along with Shaw called Naturalistic. This type of drama was classed as â€Å"The new theatre† which dealt with real life situations, morals and social issues. Some critics found this style of drama scandalous which dented its popularity in the early stages. The first play to generate positive remarks from the critics was Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Dolls House†.

Essay --

WEDDING TRADITIONS Ethnic diversity lies at the core of cultural or social anthropology. Anthropology, derived from Greek, literally means ‘study of human’. The discipline examines, from a holistic, scientific and cross-cultural viewpoint, how humans lived in the past and how they live today, what activities they performed or perform in this day and age and their manners of interacting with members of vast social groups. Being aware of distinctive cultures enables us to see the world from a broader perspective as we become familiar how various traditions stem from distinct populations. Among miscellaneous topics such as archaeology, linguistics, politics and evolution, anthropology also studies matrimony as well as the customs exemplifying it. Marriage is termed as a legitimate commitment or social establishment which unites two people mutually as husband and wife. The agreement ascertains privileges and responsibilities amid spouses, spouses and children and spouses and in-laws. Marriage is deemed to be a momentous union in every society. It is significant in terms of providing security, emotional support and fulfilling economic, social, cultural and physical needs. These needs are the natural cravings of young adults that drive them towards matrimony. It is a foundation that is based on personal responsibilities which form the backbone of civilizations. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast between various wedding customs that are prevalent in different continents of the world. The essay sheds light on culturally diverse traditions that originate in different parts of the world. It is the wide variety or cultural conventions that give each nation or tribe a unique identity. Every culture has ... ...hat is considered appropriate in one part of the world may not be acceptable in other parts of the world. This indigenous multiplicity of cultures across the globe is probably what makes Anthropology an enriching subject. (Flesche, 1912) References (1997). Wedding Traditions & Superstitions: 50 Wedding Facts & Trivia. Investor Relations. Group Inc. . Belloni, A. (n.d.). TARANTELLA: SPIDER DANCE. Downey, A. (n.d.). Wedding Traditions Explained. (n.d.). Filipino Wedding Traditions and Spanish Influence . Flesche, F. L. (1912, March). Osage Marriage Customs. (A. A. Association, Ed.) American Anthropologist, 14, 127 - 130. Oracle: Think Quest. (n.d.). Wedding Superstitions. Education Foundation. Story, F. (n.d.). Tarantella: An Italian Folk Dance. Canada's Digital Collections. (n.d.). Strange Wedding Traditions. Vietri. (n.d.). An Italian wedding.

My First Love Essay -- essays papers

My First Love When I was ten years old, I fell in love. It was more romantic and emotionally uplifting than any other experience I had ever been through. The object of my affection reciprocated that love instantly, and since that day, we have never fought, never been apart, and never been unfaithful. It started one brilliant October day. The bright New England foliage fell like large, fluttery raindrops as I coasted down the road that lead to the elementary school, and the gravel crunched beneath my bike tires as I rounded the corners. I sighed. Today had been just another day at school for me. Another day with the rest of the country-grown kids who lived in the hills of this straight-laced town. Another day in which I said hello to everyone I saw, calling them by name. Just another normal day with normal events. Except for the fact that this was the day that the cast list for Bakersfield Elementary School's production of "Oliver Twist" had been posted. Big deal. I had auditioned, but mainly because Cathy, a good friend of mine, had no one to audition with, and had whined so much, I did it to make her shut up. It was the most dull and uneventful process I had been through since my last doctor's checkup. The audition process consisted of the 2 directors (who actually were the school's music teacher and the secretary) saying the following: "Read these lines." "Okay, now read these ones." "Try that again, please." "Right, now sing this... And this." Then they muttered for a bit amongst themselves, and then said, "okay, then, thanks for auditioning!" Cathy had obsessed and worked herself into such a frenzy by the end of the day that the list was going to be posted. She was worried about if she was going to be cast or not. Her incessant fidgeting and one-way conversation irritated me so much, I had headed home early, not even stopping to see if I was in the play or not. I know that it's bad when you avoid friends, but I think maybe I was just in a bad mood or something. I now found myself riding back to school, compelled to see if I had actually gotten a part. As I walked into the school, I saw a small group of kids loitering around a piece of paper by the door that led to the gymnasium. This was it. I stepped toward it, muttering "excuse me to a pair of burly eighth-grade girls who looked quite disgusted. I scanned do... ...lfway across the gymnasium, which had been completely rearranged and decorated in black for this play. I walked up the three steps to the stage. I turned to face the audience. And I saw them. The whole town, sitting there, watching me. I swear a sweat drop rolled down my jaw line, and all of the lines that I had worked so hard to remember flew right out the window. I didn't know what to say. It was if the weight of the world had been placed squarely on my head. In that split second that I lost all of my composure, just as fast, I regained it. I shook it off. The lines came flooding back, and I resumed my character. I threw my whole heart and soul into my performance. Adrenaline was rushing through my blood, and I acted better than I had ever had in rehearsal. I even earned quite a few laughs for the "kiss" with Mr. Bumble. The curtain call came, and as I stood onstage with the rest of the cast, I smiled on the inside as well as on the outside, and I felt as though I would burst with the feelings that were bouncing around in my head. I was happier than I had ever been in my whole life (at least that I could remember). When I was ten years old, I fell in love with Theatre.

An Overview of The Sport: Astroturf

levels, athletes may no longer be seen as just people, but more as expensive liabilities. The health of these athletes become more and more important as it is not only their health which is on the line, but also millions of dollars. Injuries do occur in sports, especially contact sports, but astroturf increases these odds of injury. It will be shown that astroturf causes increased wear on the body and an increased number of, as well as more severe injuries. Because of this, safer alternatives should be used in the stadiums. Astroturf is an unsafe surface to play on and should not be used by athletes. The wear on a players body after a game is incredible, so new innovations are always being created to lessen the impact of the sport on the athletes body; better shoes, more protective pads. These things allow the athlete to compete at the same level, but at the end of the game be in better condition to play in the next one. If this is the case, then owners of teams should consider getting rid of their artificial turf. Astroturf increases wear and tear on the body and causes more minor injuries than grass. This wearing down of the body would lead to quicker fatigue and decreased performance. Ever since astroturf was introduced, people have been complaining about its effects and these complaints are heard even louder in this era. â€Å"Athletes blame artificial turf for tendinitis, shin splints, and broken bones. † (Schrier,1987) Warren Sapp of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers is one of many football players who suffers from the effects of the astroturf. He says, It feels like you've been running on bricks for two miles, your knees are real sore and usually you come out with nine or 10 crapes and you don't even know it until you get into the shower and it's burning like hell. † (Wharton, 1999) Sapp's pain comes from the fact that running on astroturf is only a little better than running on asphalt. Astroturf is made of nylon fibers which are five-eighths of an inch long stitched into a tightly woven mat. It is then laid over a five-eighths-inch-thick foam pad for cushioning and glued to an asphalt base. (Schrier,1987) So all that separates the athlete from asphalt is less than two inches of rubber. The other problem which Sapp mentions is â€Å"turf burn†. Since nylon resists tearing it also means that superficial wounds are more likely to occur. Though these wounds are not detrimental to the immediate health of the athlete they are painful and do affect the performance and possibly the longevity of the athlete's career. Steve Young of the San Francisco 49er's says, It's not easy playing on your back patio. If you wonder what playing on artificial turf is like, go out there and fall down a couple of times. Then do what we do – run and scrape across. â€Å"(Unknown,1998) These ill feelings toward artificial turf are felt throughout the NFL. Another player described it as, â€Å"sandpaper laid over concrete. A poll done in 1994 revealed that ninety-six percent of more than nine-hundred players said artificial turf leaves them feeling sorer than after playing on grass. Ninety-four percent believe turf is more likely to contribute to an injury and half the players identified a previous injury they believed to be caused by astroturf. And many of these injuries are serious injuries; there have been many season ending and career ending injuries on turf. These more serious injuries though are the primary reason why artificial turf should not be used in stadiums. A Cornell University study showed that, †¦ foot and knee injuries occur on synthetic turf about 50 percent more than on grass. And when injuries do occur, they often are more serious and difficult to heal than those that occur on This was the case for three premier players in the NFL this season as Vinny Testaverde, Wayne Chrebet and Jamal Anderson were all severely injured because of Astroturf. The players were severely injured in a situation where there was no contact with other players. In Chrebet's case two trainers said they had no doubt in their minds that he broke his foot because of the surface and nothing more. (Kirwan,1999) In the former two cases what occurred was â€Å"foot lock†. The friction between the shoe and the turf was too great and so as the players tried to cut their foot stayed, but the rest of the body kept moving. This would not have happened on grass Dr. Willibald Nagler of Cornell University explains, â€Å"When you play tennis on a soft court, you can slide into the stroke. That takes a lot of stress away from the ankle and knee. Grass allows you to slide too, a tiny bit, but it suffices, the same for football. † (Bernard,1996) So when making a cut, the foot will not give stay planted and the injury will not occur. Nagler goes on to say, Football on grass results in fewer ligamentous injuries, and those that do occur are not as severe, according to the published scientific articles. Furthermore, synthetic turf may exacerbate existing injuries, or make healing take longer. (Bernard,1996) These ligamentous injuries are usually the most severe injuries to occur because of the artificial turf. In an interview with Dr. Wayne Woodland, he explained that, â€Å"there is also an increased risk of concussions, and the turf causes many athletes to get turf toe. † Turf toe is a strain to the ligament in the big toe which is not only likely to reoccur, but it can also be a serious injury. Deion Sanders was lost for the end of last years season and was required to have surgery to fix the injury and the Atlanta Falcon's Chuck Smith missed more than a month this season with the injury. Even more disturbing than the obvious increase in injuries is that there are at least three deaths and several more cases of paralysis which have been blamed on artificial turf. Players in the NFL are so livid about not wanting to play on artificial turf that in the past, the NFLPA have filed numerous lawsuits trying to get artificial turf labelled a â€Å"hazardous substance†. With the advancements of technology, astroturf needs to be replaced with something which is safer and less punishing for the players. In most cases this alternative is grass. Though, many stadiums will not switch to grass due to the economics of the situation. Grass is expensive to maintain and will limit the income of the stadium by limiting the erformances that can be put on there, such as concerts. Many people feel that the controlled environment is needed to allow for a better game. Players are looking for the safety of grass combined with a controlled environment and low cost. There are now many products on the market which claim to meet these standards. A new company called Fieldturf, in alliance with Nike, has released a product which more closely resembles the texture and response of grass. It is made of synthetic blades and is held up byan artificial dirt composed of silica and ubber that can be made of recycled running shoes. John Ingram, the Nebraska Cornhuskers' director of athletic facilities says that, â€Å"It is the closest thing to natural grass I've seen,† (Barnes,1999) The Cornhuskers' played their entire season on the field and did not have any injuries this year. This coupled with the controllable environment made the players and management happy with the field. This new field may be the wave of the future as not only is it cheaper than grass and astroturf, but it is durable and safe. In a study done by Dr. Bill Barnhill, he found that Fieldturf had less than fifty percent fewer injuries than grass and seventy-five percent fewer than astroturf. Of these injuries, ninety-three percent were minor injuries resulting in fewer than seven days lost. Though some naturalists may not like the idea, the Fieldturf system and other systems soon like it may begin to make grass and even astroturf obsolete saving people money and players from injury. Injuries to players such as Vinny Testaverde and Jamal Anderson should not occur. Artificial turfs are dangerous and should not be used in any situation. The studies of injuries in professional athletes on grass compared to turf clearly demonstrate the risk that athletes are at when playing on these surfaces. Whether they are small or large, many of them should not happen and would not happen if the surface would have been on grass or the newer, more innovative surfaces. Management should recognize that they are paying their athletes millions of dollars and should be put in a situation where they will perform and continue to perform to their expectations for many years.

Teaching theories and assessment

First I am to give an overview of the cardinal theories of instruction and appraisal that I use mundane within my work as a coach. My learning involves a broad scope of scholars from E2e pupils ( 16-19 ) and grownups ( 19+ ) , so I use a big assortment of different ( sometimes contradictory ) methods. Pavlov- Pavlov identified two types of learned response to a topic. Reflex response- a response to a topic or state of affairs that is unconscious ( nonvoluntary ) Conditioned response- a response that is learnt or taught ( voluntary ) Through this theory I foremost use learning stuff to get down to condition a response and the ideal end is that these conditioned response bend to reflex responses after an initial â€Å" subsiding in † period. Maslow- Hierarchy of Needs- This is about common sense. Learners can non larn if they are uncomfortable, stressed or distracted. I believe people learn more expeditiously if they find the solutions to their ain jobs. As we all do in life. Skinner- â€Å" Operant conditioning † – This applies to both sets of scholars. It is my experience that larning takes topographic point more efficaciously if it is delivered as a series of little stairss that combine into a entire end or decision. But before learning can take topographic point the pupils need to be motivated to larn. In the instance of the E2e pupils Taylor ‘s theory of â€Å" economic adult male and McGregor ‘s â€Å" Theory X † comes into drama. The motivation theories for these pupils are fiscal and are rewarded for go toing learning Sessionss even if they do non desire to. On the other side of the graduated table, many of my grownup pupils are of a more mature age and are financially comfy and have no demand for a fiscal wages. Their wages can be found in other theories: Mayo- Social man- Many of my grownup scholars are on the classs non merely to larn, but to run into new people and bask the societal facets of acquisition. Once the scholar is in category it is indispensable that they are motivated to transport on acquisition. Hertzberg ‘s theory is so really applicable. The pupil must experience that they are being praised and that they feel good about their acquisition and all unfavorable judgment that is given must be really carefully worded and must ever be constructive. This so brings us to the importance of appraisal. There are many practical theories that are applicable to my mundane instruction. It is of import that I non merely measure my pupils ‘ work, but my ain instruction. First formative appraisal is used with pupils as an on-going procedure. It is indispensable that pupils work are continually assessed to non merely give pupils motivational feedback, but it is a step of comprehension and how much the pupil has understood and is besides a contemplation on your learning practise. This method is normally provided informally on a one to one footing, giving the pupil the chance to add his ain sentiments on his or her acquisition advancement which in bend starts the procedure of ego appraisal. Self-assessment is normally introduced when the pupil is constructing in assurance in a topic. Now that the pupil has a greater apprehension they are able to measure their ain work and able to reflect on their ain accomplishments or weaknesss now that their cognition of the topic becomes more advanced. One of the most successful appraisal methods seems to be a multiple of both ego and diagnostic appraisal. This where the pupil is set a short trial on a comparatively regular footing so the pupil is confident in the given undertaking and after finishing the trial the pupil measure his or her ain trial either separately or in a group. That manner the pupil is able to compliment themself or the others around him or the group is able to supply constructive feedback together. It is a great morale encouragement when the pupil has done good and is a great signifier of support when the pupil needs excess aid. The summational appraisal method tends to be used more for the E2e pupils that are accomplishing nationally recognised makings and normally take the signifier of coursework that is produced throughout the class and given a concluding grade. As I said at the beginning I have found that some of the theories that First the most complicated group to learn is the E2e group. As I said earlier they are ab initio influenced throughLearner Profile Angstrom:Wayne has late left school without any concrete makings. He has joined CG Partnership because of the fiscal wages he will acquire go toing the group and believes it will be easier than working for a life. He is being pressured to travel to college by other staff members, but does n't truly hold any involvement in this way and is merely interested in socializing with his friends and spends most of his trim clip either imbibing or taking drugs. He struggles to gel with the remainder of the category and â€Å" ca n't see the point † in a batch of the category activities. His is a victim of low self-esteem and frequently adheres to peer force per unit area to â€Å" play the category sap † for attending. Due to his hapless school attending his degree of basic accomplishments is really low and battles with any written undertaking and fails to hold on the simplest numerical constructs. He tends to arise against any signifier of authorization and â€Å" will non be told what to make † . His lone involvements tend to be music, skateboarding and surfing the Internet.Learner Profile B:Bob is 68 old ages old and has been out of instruction for many decennaries. He has a grade in technology. This is his first experience of instruction since go forthing school and attends the Sessionss along with his wife.. He lives locally and owns his ain place. He has been retired for 2 old ages and is financially stable. He now has plentifulness of clip on his custodies and is eager to larn new accomplishments and enthusiastic to maintain up to day of the month with modern engineering. He wants to utilize his new found accomplishments in mundane life and believes his new found accomplishments will let him to bask farther facets of acquisition. He sometimes becomes baffled when faced with engineering or rules he is non familiar with and sometimes struggles with different attacks to learning as he is used to traditional instruction methods. Stating this, he perseveres and is speedy to a ccept new rules that are presented. He is sometimes outspoken in category, but this because he enjoys the societal facet of the class and clearly revels in the company of others and enjoys being portion of that group.

Portrayal of Women in Bram Stoker’s Dracula

Bram stoker, in Dracula, showed his point of view of women. He represented Mina as a traditional woman who is quite passive and submissive. On the other hand, he represented Lusy and the three beautiful vampires who are active, voluptuous and sexually aggressive. When he was born in 1850s, the era of â€Å"Victorian Noon†, the society was about to face the radical changes in the culture and politics so the position of women who were educated was getting improved in the society.However, Bram stoker was a conservative and stressed paternalism so he considered ‘New Woman' as a depravity person. On the contrary, he emphasized the traditional victorian woman. Furthermore, he expressed his hostile feeling against women. â€Å"for nothing can be more dreadful than those awful women, who were, waiting to suck my blood. â€Å"(p74, line15~16), â€Å"I am alone in the castle with those horrible women, Faugh! Mina is a woman, and there is nought in common. They are devils of the Pit! â€Å"(p87, paragraph 6).From these sentences, we can see that Jonathan Harker abhors the three young women. It seems that Bram stoker detests the New Women. The group of people who called ‘New Woman' acted so free and had a sexual relationship with not only men but also the same gender so that it brought about other social aftermaths such as venereal disease and homosexuality. In terms of conservatism, he regarded ‘New Woman', considered a threatening group in the society, as immoral and anti-religious so it must be destroyed.Also, he insisted that men had to got power to control those women and dominated the society. In conclusion, the society in which Bram Stoker lived has shown a movement to accept both sides of the conservative which advocates the past values and the progressive which incessantly changes for new values. I think that he did not just blame the new woman, but the imperialism which means ‘continuously developing the society using the powerf ul science'.